There are five domains in educational /Instructional technology. All the Domains represent a major activity which includes activities to be carried out as part of the main activity.
Design
Instructional
Design is the planning phase; the catalyst which describes the planning to be
considered in developing a solutions to a learning problem. The instructional
designer employs:
·
a systematic
design approach
·
analyze
learner and the learning condition
·
choose the
suitable method of instruction
·
designs
the learning materials
·
adopts
proper way to implement the instruction and
·
Evaluate
the effectiveness of the chosen instruction.
For example the ADDIE structure which implies as Analysis, Design, Development,
Implementation and Evaluation comprises many models so that the designer guides
to approach specific problem.
It is important that the
instructional designer consider the knowledge of the theories to choose the
best to impart in learning in order to accomplish the objectives. Thus it is
important to select the learning strategies along with the sequence of
instruction based on the three learning theories namely behaviorism,
cognitivism and constructivism respectively.
It is the instructional designer who
is responsible of design decisions and use instructional theories and
strategies in order to develop the instructional materials to meet the
participants need. That’s how the designer connects and reach the next phase
Development.
Development
It
involves the process to interpret the needs of the instructional design into a
physical form which varies greatly with advancement of technological tools used
in the past and present. According to Seels and Richey (1994), this domain originates
in the audiovisual and media production field. The four areas in technology
comprises print (graphic ad photographic), audiovisual (videotape, film, and sound
recordings), computer-based, and integrated.
The
development domain can be concise as:
·
Print
technology :encompass the required materials for the learner and the instructor
·
Audiovisual
technology: delivery of learning messages or content via sound and visual
images such as sound recordings video clips etc.
·
Computer
based technologies: use of electronic stored data in digital form such as teleconferencing,
instruction on CD-ROM's, distance learning education etc.
·
Integrated
technologies: several forms of media composted with computer such as Learning
through internet or integrate developmental technologies.
Utilization
It’s been for decades of utilizing audiovisual
materials by individuals in providing instruction. The rapid expansion of instructional
technology field together with the desire of systematic design of instructional
materials also increased (Seels & Richey, 1994). This domain focuses
on both the designed and developed instructional materials in order to
implement for the users in interacting with the innovation. It is the
instructional designers who needs to facilitate both the implementation and
utilization process. Utilization domain can be briefed as effective use of
·
Utilizing
the Media
·
Dispersion
of innovations
·
Implementing
and institutionalized finally
·
Societal
Rules and regulations
The
Instructional Designer has to consider the instructions that are going to use
and have a plan developed to ensure the instruction to be received
enthusiastically.
Management
This domain involves plan, organize coordinate and
supervise the instructional technologies and the instructional designer
undertakes multiples of roles with a huge responsibilities. These roles include
leadership, motivator and assists in managing the project of instructional
design. For instance as a manager the instructional designer plans the scope of
the project, budget, constraints etc. and make sure the effectiveness the
instructional design project. The domain of management consists of
·
Project Management,
·
Resource Management,
·
Delivery System Management,
and
·
Information Management
All
of the above sub-domains is apprehensive for the plan, monitoring and keep
control of the effectiveness in implanting the instructional design project.
Evaluation
This process comprise the design decisions as the
domain of evaluation provides the data to the instructional designers. It is
the process which determines adequate instruction for the learning process. It undertakes in all the stages via
instructional systems design process.
The instructional designer gets the benefit if he/she
knows the evaluation models. It is the responsibility of the instructional
designer to develop the assessments that would meet the objectives. It could be
done once the instructions to be carried out is determined by the instructional
designer. It is equally important that in the analysis process to analyze with
different sources such as interviews or survey in order to evaluate the
relevance of the instructional design project. It is important to evaluate the
effectiveness of the instruction through the objectives written at the
beginning that is in the design phase. This is possible by evaluating how much
the learners have achieved or mastered the content and reached the target objectives.
The main three forms of evaluation includes:
- Criterion-reference measurement
- Formative evaluation
- Summative evaluation
One of the vital part of the instructional design is
to evaluate and discover for any alterations before the instructional design
and development is implemented, this can be done through a formative evaluation
while summative evaluation can be used at the end of conveying the instruction to
determine whether to accept or disapprove the innovation that was designed.
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